Bacterial infections: what to look for and what to do

Bacterial infections are everywhere — from a scratch that turns red to a bad urinary tract infection. Some clear up with simple care, others need antibiotics. This page groups our practical articles so you can quickly find how to spot problems, when to get help, and how to prevent infections in daily life.

How do you know it’s bacterial? Look for specific signs: fever, sudden worsening pain, redness and swelling around a wound, thick yellow or green pus, painful or frequent urination, and a cough that brings colored sputum. Those hints don’t guarantee bacteria, but they tell you to pay attention.

Common bacterial infections you’ll read about here include strep throat, skin infections (like cellulitis), urinary tract infections (UTIs), bacterial pneumonia, and foodborne infections such as salmonella. Each has its typical signs and simple first steps you can take at home while deciding whether to see a doctor.

When to see a doctor

Don’t wait if symptoms are getting worse fast or if you have high fever, trouble breathing, severe belly pain, confusion, fainting, or signs of spreading infection (quickly spreading redness, red streaks from a wound). For newborns, the elderly, pregnant people, or anyone with a weak immune system, call a clinician sooner — infections can escalate quickly.

At the clinic your provider might order a swab, urine test, or blood test to find the bacteria. Sometimes they start treatment right away if the signs are clear. If antibiotics are recommended, follow the doctor’s instructions — take the medicine as prescribed and ask about side effects and how long to take it.

Antibiotics work against bacteria, not viruses. That means they won’t help colds or most sore throats unless a test shows bacteria. Overuse of antibiotics leads to resistance — harder-to-treat infections. If a doctor says you don’t need antibiotics, ask what you can do for symptom relief and when to come back if things don’t improve.

Prevention and everyday tips

Simple habits cut infection risk a lot. Wash hands thoroughly after using the bathroom, before eating, and after caring for wounds. Clean and cover cuts until they heal. Cook food to safe temperatures, refrigerate leftovers, and avoid cross-contamination in the kitchen. For sex, use protection and get tested if there’s concern about STIs.

Vaccines prevent some bacterial diseases — ask your doctor about pneumococcal and Hib vaccines if they apply to you. For people with catheters, recent surgery, or chronic lung disease, extra hygiene and regular medical checks matter more to prevent infections.

Browse our linked articles for detailed guides on specific infections, safe antibiotic use, and tips for managing symptoms at home. If you’re unsure, a quick call to a healthcare provider can save time and prevent bigger problems later.